What is Sensory Processing Disorder?

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) occurs when the brain has difficulty receiving, organizing, and responding to sensory information from the environment. This can affect how individuals experience and react to stimuli such as sounds, textures, lights, and movement. While everyone can experience sensory sensitivities, SPD is characterized by chronic challenges that disrupt daily functioning, emotional well-being, and social engagement. SPD can impact children and adults, and it often requires targeted strategies to support optimal functioning and comfort.

Subtypes of Sensory Processing Disorder

SPD can present in various ways, typically categorized into three primary subtypes:

1. Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD)

Individuals struggle to regulate responses to sensory input. They may be over-responsive (hypersensitive), under-responsive (hyposensitive), or seek excessive sensory input.

2. Sensory-Based Motor Disorder (SBMD)

Challenges with motor coordination, balance, and movement are present due to difficulties processing sensory input. This can result in clumsiness, poor posture, or challenges with tasks requiring fine motor skills.

3. Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD)

Difficulty distinguishing between sensory stimuli, such as differentiating between textures, sounds, or visual details. This can affect spatial awareness, timing, and precision in movement.

Sensory Processing Disorder can exist independently or alongside other neurodevelopmental disorders, with the following prevalence:

Up to 16% of the general population1

60% of individuals with ADHD2

95% of individuals with Autism3

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Importance of Assessment and Early Intervention

Early identification and assessment are critical in supporting individuals with SPD. Understanding a person’s unique sensory profile can:

  • Enhance emotional and behavioral regulation.
  • Support academic success and social engagement.
  • Reduce feelings of frustration and overwhelm.
  • Prevent secondary challenges like anxiety or withdrawal.

Assessment involves observing sensory responses, gathering developmental history, and using standardized tools. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes by helping individuals build strategies for navigating sensory challenges.

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Support & Treatment Options

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to caring for SPD, but interventions often include:

  • Occupational Therapy (OT): Focused on improving sensory integration, OT helps individuals develop adaptive responses to sensory input through play-based and functional activities.
  • Sensory Diets: Customized daily routines that incorporate sensory activities to help regulate input and promote calm and focus.
  • Environmental Modifications: Adjusting home, school, or work environments to reduce sensory overload and create more supportive settings.
  • Parent and Caregiver Training: Empowering families with knowledge and strategies to support sensory needs in everyday routines.

Early and consistent support can make a significant difference in enhancing a person’s general comfort in their bodies and environments, social confidence, and increased ability to participate in more aspects of daily life.

1 Owen, J. P., Marco, E. J., Desai, S., et al. (2013). Abnormal white matter microstructure in children with sensory processing disorders. NeuroImage: Clinical, 2, 844-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.009
2 Galiana-Simal A, Vela-Romero M, Romero-Vela VM, et al. Sensory processing disorder: key points of a frequent alteration in neurodevelopmental disorders. Cogent Med. 2020;7(1):1736829. doi:10.1080/2331205X.2020.1736829
3 Tomchek SD, Dunn W. Sensory processing in children with and without autism: a comparative study using the short sensory profile. Am J Occup Ther. 2007 Mar-Apr;61(2):190-200. doi: 10.5014/ajot.61.2.190. PMID: 17436841.

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